Ocean acidification and climate change
Ocean acidification and climate change have resulted majorly due to increased greenhouse gases as a consequence from human activities, such as deforestation, fertilization of crops, raising livestock, producing additional industrial products, and burning fossil fuels for energy and heat. The ocean chemistry has been changed majorly by global warming.
As the ocean of the world is a massive sink that has absorbed a lot of carbon dioxide. One of the greatest international threats to coral reef ecosystems is climate change. It also has been indicated by scientific evidence that ocean and atmosphere of Earth are warming and these changes are mostly due to the greenhouse gases resulted from human activities.
Infectious disease outbreaks and mass coral bleaching
Infectious disease outbreaks and mass coral bleaching events are becoming more evident with the increase in temperatures. Additionally, the ocean has absorbed a lot of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This already has started to decrease the calcification rates in the reef-associated and reef-building atmosphere through alteration of seawater chemistry through declines in pH. This process is also known as ocean acidification.
Coral reef systems will be influenced by climate change through altered ocean circulation patterns, changes to the intensity and frequency of tropical storms, and increase in sea level. When combined, the ecosystem function altered dramatically by these impacts along with the services and goods provided by coral reef systems to people throughout the world.
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