Sample Essay
If you have to use the Latin forms, make sure that you use them correctly.
- ibid. (ibidem, meaning in the same place) relates to the same work, cited immediately before.
(a) ibid can refer to the same page.
For example:
______________ | line separating text from footnotes |
1. S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, p. 35. | |
2. ibid. | same as 1, including page |
(b) ibid can also refer to a different page.
For example:
______________ | line separating text from footnotes |
1. S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, p. 35. | |
2. ibid., p. 45. | same as 1, but different page |
- op. cit. and loc. cit. are used for works previously cited, but not immediately before.
op. cit. (opera citato, meaning in the work cited ) refers to a different page of a work cited earlier.
loc. cit. (loco citato, meaning in the place cited) refers to the same page of a work cited earlier.
For example:
______________ | line separating text from footnotes |
1. S Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, p. 35. | |
2. R Tansey & F Kleiner, Gardner’s art through the ages, 10th edn, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Sydney, 1996, p. 29. | |
3. Kostof, op.cit., p. 46. | same as 1, but different page |
4. G Daniel, The first civilizations: the archaeology of their origins, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1971, p. 67. | |
5. Tansey & Kleiner, loc. cit. | same as 2, including page |
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